Proportions and Frequencies

Tests for single categorical outcomes against expected proportions or distributions

When the outcome of interest is a proportion (success rate, event rate, prevalence) or a category (disease stage, response class), tests of differences compare observed frequencies against expectations.

Method pages

• Binomial test – single dichotomous variable against an expected proportion.
• Chi-squared goodness-of-fit – single categorical variable against an expected distribution; includes the Kolmogorov-Smirnov alternative for continuous variables.

For association between two categorical variables, see the chi-squared contingency test in the associations section.

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Structure inspired by the University of Zurich Methodenberatung (methodenberatung.uzh.ch). All text, examples, R code, and reporting sentences are independently authored in English.